DALAI LAMA
His Holiness the 14th the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, is the head of state and
spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. He was born Lhamo Dhondrub on 6 July
1935, in a small village called Taktser in northeastern Tibet. Born to a peasant
family, His Holiness was recognized at the age of two, in accordance with
Tibetan tradition, as the reincarnation of his predecessor the 13th Dalai Lama,
and thus an incarnation Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion.
The Dalai Lamas are the manifestations of the Bodhisattva (Buddha) of Compassion,
who chose to reincarnate to serve the people. Lhamo Dhondrub was, as Dalai Lama,
renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso - Holy Lord, Gentle
Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom. Tibetans normally
refer to His Holiness as Yeshe Norbu, the Wishfulfilling Gem or simply Kundun -
The Presence.
The enthronement ceremony took place on February 22, 1940 in Lhasa, the capital
of Tibet.
He began his education at the age of six and completed the Geshe Lharampa Degree
(Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy) when he was 25 in 1959. At 24, he took the
preliminary examinations at each of the three monastic universities: Drepung,
Sera and Ganden. The final examination was conducted in the Jokhang, Lhasa
during the annual Monlam Festival of Prayer, held in the first month of every
year Tibetan calendar.
On November 17, 1950, His Holiness was called upon to assume full political
power (head of the State and Government) after some 80,000 Peoples Liberation
Army soldiers invaded Tibet. In 1954, he went to Beijing to talk peace with Mao
Tse-tung and other Chinese leaders, including Chou En-lai and Deng Xiaoping. In
1956, while visiting India to attend the 2500th Buddha Jayanti Anniversary, he
had a series of meetings with Prime Minister Nehru and Premier Chou about
deteriorating conditions in Tibet.
His efforts to bring about a peaceful solution to Sino-Tibetan conflict were
thwarted by Bejing's ruthless policy in Eastern Tibet, which ignited a popular
uprising and resistance. This resistance movement spread to other parts of the
country. On 10 March 1959 the capital of Tibet, Lhasa, exploded with the largest
demonstration in Tibetan history, calling on China to leave Tibet and
reaffirming Tibet's independence. The Tibetan National Uprising was brutally
crushed by the Chinese army. His Holiness escaped to India where he was given
political asylum. Some 80,000 Tibetan refugees followed His Holiness into exile.
Today, there are more than 120,000 Tibetan in exile. Since 1960, he has resided
in Dharamsala, India, known as "Little Lhasa," the seat of the Tibetan
Government-in-exile.
In the early years of exile, His Holiness appealed to the United Nations on the
question of Tibet, resulting in three resolutions adopted by the General
Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, calling on China to respect the human rights
of Tibetans and their desire for self-determination. With the newly constituted
Tibetan Government-in-exile, His Holiness saw that his immediate and urgent task
was to save the both the Tibetan exiles and their culture alike. Tibetan
refugees were rehabilitated in agricultural settlements. Economic development
was promoted and the creation of a Tibetan educational system was established to
raise refugee children with full knowledge of their language, history, religion
and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959,
while the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became a university for
Tibetans in India. Over 200 monasteries have been re-established to preserve the
vast corpus of Tibetan Buddhist teachings, the essence of the Tibetan way of
life.
In 1963, His Holiness promulgated a democratic constitution, based on Buddhist
principles and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a model for a future
free Tibet. Today, members of the Tibetan parliament are elected directly by the
people. The members of the Tibetan Cabinet are elected by the parliament, making
the Cabinet answerable to the Parliament. His Holiness has continuously
emphasized the need to further democratise the Tibetan administration and has
publicly declared that once Tibet regains her independence he will not hold
political office.
In Washington, D.C., at the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987, he
proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan as a first step toward resolving the future
status of Tibet. This plan calls for the designation of Tibet as a zone of peace,
an end to the massive transfer of ethnic Chinese into Tibet, restoration of
fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms, and the abandonment of China's
use of Tibet for nuclear weapons production and the dumping of nuclear waste, as
well as urging "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.
In Strasbourg, France, on 15 June 1988, he elaborated the Five-Point Peace Plan
and proposed the creation of a self-governing democratic Tibet, "in association
with the People's Republic of China."
On 2 September 1991, the Tibetan Government-in-exile declared the Strasbourg
Proposal invalid because of the closed and negative attitude of the present
Chinese leadership towards the ideas expressed in the proposal.
On 9 October 1991, during an address at Yale University in the United States,
His Holiness said that he wanted to visit Tibet to personally assess the
political situation. He said, "I am extremely anxious that, in this explosive
situation, violence may break out. I want to do what I can to prevent this....
My visit would be a new opportunity to promote understanding and create a basis
for a negotiated solution."
Since 1967, His Holiness initiated a series of journeys which have taken him to
some 46 nations. In autumn of 1991, he visited the Baltic States at the
invitation of Lithuanian President Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania and became
the first foreign leader to address the Lithuanian Parliament. His Holiness met
with the late Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. At a press conference in Rome
in 1980, he outlined his hopes for the meeting with John Paul II: "We live in a
period of great crisis, a period of troubling world developments. It is not
possible to find peace in the soul without security and harmony between peoples.
For this reason, I look forward with faith and hope to my meeting with the Holy
Father; to an exchange of ideas and feelings, and to his suggestions, so as to
open the door to a progressive pacification between peoples." His Holiness met
Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988 and 1990. In 1981,
His Holiness talked with Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and with
other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. He also met with leaders of the
Roman Catholic and Jewish communities and spoke at an interfaith service held in
his honor by the World Congress of Faiths: "I always believe that it is much
better to have a variety of religions, a variety of philosophies, rather than
one single religion or philosophy. This is necessary because of the different
mental dispositions of each human being. Each religion has certain unique ideas
or techniques, and learning about them can only enrich one's own faith."
Since his first visit to the west in the early 1973, a number of western
universities and institutions have conferred Peace Awards and honorary Doctorate
Degrees in recognition of His Holiness' distinguished writings in Buddhist
philosophy and for his leadership in the solution of international conflicts,
human rights issues and global environmental problems. In presenting the Raoul
Wallenberg Congressional Human Rights Award in 1989, U.S. Congressman Tom Lantos
said, "His Holiness the Dalai Lama's courageous struggle has distinguished him
as a leading proponent of human rights and world peace. His ongoing efforts to
end the suffering of the Tibetan people through peaceful negotiations and
reconciliation have required enormous courage and sacrifice."
The Norwegian Nobel Committee's decision to award the 1989 Peace Prize to His
Holiness the Dalai Lama won worldwide praise and applause, with exception of
China. The CommitteeÕs citation read, "The Committee wants to emphasize the fact
that the Dalai Lama in his struggle for the liberation of Tibet consistently has
opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based
upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and
cultural heritage of his people."
On 10 December 1989, His Holiness accepted the prize on the behalf of oppressed
everywhere and all those who struggle for freedom and work for world peace and
the people of Tibet. In his remarks he said, "The prize reaffirms our conviction
that with truth, courage and determination as our weapons, Tibet will be
liberated. Our struggle must remain nonviolent and free of hatred."
His Holiness the 14th the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, is the head of state and
spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. He was born Lhamo Dhondrub on 6 July
1935, in a small village called Taktser in northeastern Tibet. Born to a peasant
family, His Holiness was recognized at the age of two, in accordance with
Tibetan tradition, as the reincarnation of his predecessor the 13th Dalai Lama,
and thus an incarnation Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion.
The Dalai Lamas are the manifestations of the Bodhisattva (Buddha) of Compassion,
who chose to reincarnate to serve the people. Lhamo Dhondrub was, as Dalai Lama,
renamed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso - Holy Lord, Gentle
Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom. Tibetans normally
refer to His Holiness as Yeshe Norbu, the Wishfulfilling Gem or simply Kundun -
The Presence.
The enthronement ceremony took place on February 22, 1940 in Lhasa, the capital
of Tibet.
He began his education at the age of six and completed the Geshe Lharampa Degree
(Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy) when he was 25 in 1959. At 24, he took the
preliminary examinations at each of the three monastic universities: Drepung,
Sera and Ganden. The final examination was conducted in the Jokhang, Lhasa
during the annual Monlam Festival of Prayer, held in the first month of every
year Tibetan calendar.
On November 17, 1950, His Holiness was called upon to assume full political
power (head of the State and Government) after some 80,000 Peoples Liberation
Army soldiers invaded Tibet. In 1954, he went to Beijing to talk peace with Mao
Tse-tung and other Chinese leaders, including Chou En-lai and Deng Xiaoping. In
1956, while visiting India to attend the 2500th Buddha Jayanti Anniversary, he
had a series of meetings with Prime Minister Nehru and Premier Chou about
deteriorating conditions in Tibet.
His efforts to bring about a peaceful solution to Sino-Tibetan conflict were
thwarted by Bejing's ruthless policy in Eastern Tibet, which ignited a popular
uprising and resistance. This resistance movement spread to other parts of the
country. On 10 March 1959 the capital of Tibet, Lhasa, exploded with the largest
demonstration in Tibetan history, calling on China to leave Tibet and
reaffirming Tibet's independence. The Tibetan National Uprising was brutally
crushed by the Chinese army. His Holiness escaped to India where he was given
political asylum. Some 80,000 Tibetan refugees followed His Holiness into exile.
Today, there are more than 120,000 Tibetan in exile. Since 1960, he has resided
in Dharamsala, India, known as "Little Lhasa," the seat of the Tibetan
Government-in-exile.
In the early years of exile, His Holiness appealed to the United Nations on the
question of Tibet, resulting in three resolutions adopted by the General
Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, calling on China to respect the human rights
of Tibetans and their desire for self-determination. With the newly constituted
Tibetan Government-in-exile, His Holiness saw that his immediate and urgent task
was to save the both the Tibetan exiles and their culture alike. Tibetan
refugees were rehabilitated in agricultural settlements. Economic development
was promoted and the creation of a Tibetan educational system was established to
raise refugee children with full knowledge of their language, history, religion
and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959,
while the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became a university for
Tibetans in India. Over 200 monasteries have been re-established to preserve the
vast corpus of Tibetan Buddhist teachings, the essence of the Tibetan way of
life.
In 1963, His Holiness promulgated a democratic constitution, based on Buddhist
principles and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a model for a future
free Tibet. Today, members of the Tibetan parliament are elected directly by the
people. The members of the Tibetan Cabinet are elected by the parliament, making
the Cabinet answerable to the Parliament. His Holiness has continuously
emphasized the need to further democratise the Tibetan administration and has
publicly declared that once Tibet regains her independence he will not hold
political office.
In Washington, D.C., at the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987, he
proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan as a first step toward resolving the future
status of Tibet. This plan calls for the designation of Tibet as a zone of peace,
an end to the massive transfer of ethnic Chinese into Tibet, restoration of
fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms, and the abandonment of China's
use of Tibet for nuclear weapons production and the dumping of nuclear waste, as
well as urging "earnest negotiations" on the future of Tibet.
In Strasbourg, France, on 15 June 1988, he elaborated the Five-Point Peace Plan
and proposed the creation of a self-governing democratic Tibet, "in association
with the People's Republic of China."
On 2 September 1991, the Tibetan Government-in-exile declared the Strasbourg
Proposal invalid because of the closed and negative attitude of the present
Chinese leadership towards the ideas expressed in the proposal.
On 9 October 1991, during an address at Yale University in the United States,
His Holiness said that he wanted to visit Tibet to personally assess the
political situation. He said, "I am extremely anxious that, in this explosive
situation, violence may break out. I want to do what I can to prevent this....
My visit would be a new opportunity to promote understanding and create a basis
for a negotiated solution."
Since 1967, His Holiness initiated a series of journeys which have taken him to
some 46 nations. In autumn of 1991, he visited the Baltic States at the
invitation of Lithuanian President Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania and became
the first foreign leader to address the Lithuanian Parliament. His Holiness met
with the late Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. At a press conference in Rome
in 1980, he outlined his hopes for the meeting with John Paul II: "We live in a
period of great crisis, a period of troubling world developments. It is not
possible to find peace in the soul without security and harmony between peoples.
For this reason, I look forward with faith and hope to my meeting with the Holy
Father; to an exchange of ideas and feelings, and to his suggestions, so as to
open the door to a progressive pacification between peoples." His Holiness met
Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988 and 1990. In 1981,
His Holiness talked with Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and with
other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. He also met with leaders of the
Roman Catholic and Jewish communities and spoke at an interfaith service held in
his honor by the World Congress of Faiths: "I always believe that it is much
better to have a variety of religions, a variety of philosophies, rather than
one single religion or philosophy. This is necessary because of the different
mental dispositions of each human being. Each religion has certain unique ideas
or techniques, and learning about them can only enrich one's own faith."
Since his first visit to the west in the early 1973, a number of western
universities and institutions have conferred Peace Awards and honorary Doctorate
Degrees in recognition of His Holiness' distinguished writings in Buddhist
philosophy and for his leadership in the solution of international conflicts,
human rights issues and global environmental problems. In presenting the Raoul
Wallenberg Congressional Human Rights Award in 1989, U.S. Congressman Tom Lantos
said, "His Holiness the Dalai Lama's courageous struggle has distinguished him
as a leading proponent of human rights and world peace. His ongoing efforts to
end the suffering of the Tibetan people through peaceful negotiations and
reconciliation have required enormous courage and sacrifice."
The Norwegian Nobel Committee's decision to award the 1989 Peace Prize to His
Holiness the Dalai Lama won worldwide praise and applause, with exception of
China. The CommitteeÕs citation read, "The Committee wants to emphasize the fact
that the Dalai Lama in his struggle for the liberation of Tibet consistently has
opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based
upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and
cultural heritage of his people."
On 10 December 1989, His Holiness accepted the prize on the behalf of oppressed
everywhere and all those who struggle for freedom and work for world peace and
the people of Tibet. In his remarks he said, "The prize reaffirms our conviction
that with truth, courage and determination as our weapons, Tibet will be
liberated. Our struggle must remain nonviolent and free of hatred."